El Secreto De La Cueva Negra Pepe Pelayo Pdf
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Copyright © 1998 by Edward F. Frank Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 1998. 101 Edward F. Frank-A Radiocarbon Date of 380 ±60BP for a Taino Site, Cueva Negra, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 60(2): 101-102. A RADIOCARBON DATE OF 380 ±60 BP FOR A TAINO SITE, CUEVA NEGRA, ISLA DE MONA, PUERTO RICO EDWARD F. FRANK Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Charcoal fragments were collected from a mixed charcoal and bone deposit from a chamber in Cueva Negra, Isla de Mona Puerto Rico.
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Radiocarbon dating yielded a conventional 14C age of 380 ±60 Radiocarbon Years before present. Considering the standard deviation in the 14C data, the range in pos- sible calendar dates is from 1480 to 1655 AD. This time period encompasses the first contact between Taino population and Europeans, and the subsequent removal of the last of the Taino from the island to Puerto Rico in 1578. Charcoal fragments and bird bone samples were collected from a mixed charcoal and bone deposit in a back chamber of Cueva Negra, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico on August 1995 for identification and radiocarbon dating. The sample area is located in the distal end of a 40 m long by 5 m wide chamber.
This chamber is located in complete darkness several hundred meters, and around several bends, from the nearest entrance. The sample site itself consists of a 2.5 to 7.5 cm layer of mixed charcoal, bird bone, and silt, atop a 15 cm bed of yellowish silt. Kaye (1959: 166) first described this deposit: “Bones of what must be literally thousands of birds are contained in the floor deposit of the chamber and all of them are more or less inti- mately mixed with small charcoal fragments. The abundance of charcoal fragments within the cave, it seems to the writer, cannot be ascribed to natural causes.” Kaye (1959) reported these bones to be exclusively those of Audubon’s shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri). This identification is consistent with bird bones collected during the 1995 sampling. Kaye (1959: 166) further suggested, based upon the location and character- istic of the deposit, “the bird bones constitute a midden built with the refuse of many feasts, probably during Indian occu- pancy of the cave, and that the charcoal represents scattered ashes from the fires.
Why the Audubon’s shearwater was exclusively favored in these feasts is not known.” The charcoal and bone samples were collected from a 2-m- wide flowstone ledge on the eastern side of the chamber, and the charcoal was submitted to Beta Analytic for radiocarbon analysis (sample #Beta-86999, November 1995). After mechanical and chemical pre-treatment, less than one gram of suitable carbon remained. That carbon was analyzed with extended counting to enhance precision.
The sample yielded a conventional 14C age of 380 ± 60 Radiocarbon Years BP with a ∆ 13C of -29.6 relative to PDB-1 (Beta Analytic sample #Beta-86999, November 1995). The error represents the one standard deviation statistic, 68% probability. Using the Stuvier and Pearson (1993) radiocarbon calibration curves, this 14C age corresponds to a nominal calendar date of 1525 AD. Considering the standard deviation in the 14C data, the range in possible calendar dates is from 1480 to 1655 AD. Collected from the top surface of the deposit, the sample may represent the youngest material in the sequence. The time period is one of significant transition for the Taino population of the island. It spans the first contact between the island inhabitants and Europeans and the subsequent decimation and removal of that native population.
The island was first sighted by Columbus on November 22, 1493, while sailing across the Mona Passage from Puerto Rico to Hispaniola on his second voyage to the New World (Morison 1944). Landfall on the island was made later on the same voyage by Columbus on September 24, 1494. Herrera y Tordesillas (1625, as translat- ed by Stevens 1740, reprinted 1973: 137) states, “They next touch’d at the Island Mona, which is ten leagues from Hispaniola, and eight from the Island of St. John, being six leagues in compass, and on it grow most delicious melons, as big as a jar of oil that will hold six quarts.” The island was described by de las Casas as being very rocky, but containing many holes filled with very fertile red soil. Cassava grew so large in some of these holes that an Indian could only carry two of them at a time on his back (Kaye 1959). Columbus provid- ed his ship with fresh water, melons, and cassava during his short stay from supplies provided by the Taino Indians inhab- iting the island (Wadsworth 1973).
El Secreto De La Cueva Negra Pdf
In 1508, Juan Ponce de Leon landed on the island with fifty men and spent several days there. They were supplied by the local population of 80 Taino Indians with water, cassava, and cloth made from wild cotton.
Isla de Mona was recognized as a productive source of sup- plies and changed governorship several times in the early 1500s. Soon, French pirates trying to disrupt this line of sup- ply subjected the island to raids. These raiding parties took a grave toll on the Taino Indians.
In 1578, the remaining Taino Indian population of 10-30, down from a high of 152 report- ed in 1517, was transferred to Puerto Rico to protect them (Wadsworth 1973). This 1578 date of removal of the Taino Indian population from the islands provides a possible upper limit on the age of the bone and charcoal deposit. 102. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 1998 A RADIOCARBON DATE OF 380 ±60BP FOR A TAINO SITE, CUEVA NEGRA, ISLA DE MONA, PUERTO RICO Circumstantial evidence suggests that the bone and charcoal deposit is of Taino Indian origin; however, Europeans could have been responsible.
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Prior to contact with Europeans in 1494, the island had been an important link in the travel patterns of the peoples of the Caribbean for possibly 2,000 years. It was a stopover on the long voyage between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. There have been two archaeological excavations on the island. The first was the excavation of a village site in the Sardinera region at the west end of the island.
This village was likely the same one found by Columbus in 1494. The village site is still evi- denced by shell heaps and potsherds in the area (Santana 1973). The second excavation was conducted in Cueva de los Caracoles (Davila 1991). Stone implements, beads, amulets, and pieces of shell were recovered from the cave.
Pictographs and petroglyphs are in several caves on the island (Frank 1993). These are carved into the cave walls or flowstone or they consist of black charcoal or mud drawings on the cave walls. Two “ball courts” are present on the island at Bajura de las Cerezos and at Los Corrales de los Indios (Alegria 1983). The ball court at Los Corrales de los Indios is oriented north-south and bounded by aligned stones at its margins. It measures 27 m wide by 35 m long. The ball court at Bajura de los Cerezos is 27 m by 40 m.
The archaeological evidence clearly indicates that a population of Taino Indians were pre- sent on the island long prior to European contact. The event marked by the analyzed charcoal sample may represent the ter- minal phase of a long tradition on the island. In Cueva Negra, Kaye (1959), described evidence of occu- pancy by man in the form of fragments of early Spanish colo- nial and Indian pottery, old glass, and conch shells (Strombus gigus). No evidence of this pottery or glass was found in the sample area. He also describes Indian petroglyphs and histor- ical writings found on the cave walls made by finger tracing marks onto the soft limestone surface.
Petroglyphs originally found in the walls adjacent to the bone and charcoal deposit in the cave have been nearly destroyed by vandalism. Most of the large caves in the island were mined for guano in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This mining disturbed large areas in these caves and destroyed many potentially rich archaeological sites. Vandalism in easily accessible caves is also taking a toll. Sites, such as Cueva Negra, need to be adequately documented before they are lost. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the Cave Research Foundation, the University of Minnesota’s Department of Geology and Geophysics, and their George and Orpha Gibson Endowment for financial assistance in conducting field work on Isla de Mona and laboratory processing of samples collected from the island.
REFERENCES Alegria, R.E. Ball courts and ceremonial plazas in the West Indies.
Yale University Publications in Anthropology 79: 1-185. Cueva de las Caracoles, un sitio preceramico de la Isla de Mona. XVII Simposio de los recursos naturales, 13 y 14 de Noviembre de 1991: 87-104. Aspects of karst development and speleogenesis Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico: An analogue for Pleistocene speleo- genesis in the Bahamas. MS thesis, Mississippi State University: 1- 282 pp. Herrera y Tordesillas, A. Historia general de los hechos de los castellano.
Abridged English translation by Capt. John Stevens, 1740, London: reprinted AMS Press, New York, NY, 6 volumes. Geology of Isla Mona, Puerto Rico, and notes on the age of the Mona Passage.
Geological Survey, Professional Paper 317C: 141-178. Morison, S.E. Admiral of the ocean sea, a life of Christopher Columbus.
Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, MA: 1-679. Santana, P.M. La Isla de Mona en los tiempos Precolumbinos, Appendice M. Junta de Calidad Ambiental, Las Islas de Mona y Monito: Una evaluacion de sus Recursos Naturales e Historico, volume 2: M1-M9. & Pearson, G.W. High-precision bidecadal cal- ibration of the radio-carbon time scale, AD 1950-500 BC, and 2500-6000 BC. Radiocarbon 35 (1): 1-23.
Wadsworth, F.W. The historical resources of Mona Island, Appendix N. Junta de Calidad Ambiental, las Islas de Mona y Monito: Una evaluacion de sus recursos naturales e historicos, volume 2: N1-N37.